Difference Between Sawfly Larva and Caterpillar

Caterpillars are the larvae of butterflies and moths, which belong to the order Lepidoptera. Many caterpillars, while they do feed on leaves and plants, are considered desirable because, of course, they metamorphose into beautiful monarch butterflies, painted lady moths, and other decorative species. Sawfly larvae look similar to caterpillars but are an entirely different kind of insect. Sawflies are related to bees and wasps and belong to the order Hymenoptera. Like caterpillars, sawfly larvae usually feed on plant foliage, but unlike most caterpillars sawfly larvae can quickly destroy a rose garden or defoliate an entire tree. Identifying Sawflies Sawflies are flying insects that live all over the world. There are more than 8,000 species of sawflies, so called  because of the saw-like appearance of the female ovipositor, an organ used to deposit eggs in plant stems or leaves. While sawflies are related to stinging insects, they themselves do not sting. They feed on pollen and nectar, making them harmless to both people and plants. Sawfly eggs hatch into larvae which go through eight stages of growth. Typically, the larvae cluster together and are capable of eating an enormous amount of plant matter in a very short time. While sawflies are food for many animals in the wild, in cultivated areas they can be hard to manage. Sawfly management usually involves the use of chemical sprays. Sprays that work against caterpillars, however, are often ineffective against sawfly larvae. In addition, chemical sprays dont prevent sawflies from depositing their larvae. As a result, chemical sprays should only be used when larvae are actually present. How to Tell the Difference Caterpillars may have up to five pairs of abdominal prolegs (tiny, unjointed limbs) but almost never have more than five pairs. Sawfly larvae will have six or more pairs of abdominal prolegs. There are, of course, exceptions to every rule. Caterpillars of the family Megalopygidae, the flannel moths,  are  unusual in having seven pairs of prolegs (two more pairs than any other Lepidopteran larvae.) Some sawfly larvae are stem borers or leaf miners; these larvae may have no prolegs at all. Another notable difference, though it requires a closer look, is that caterpillars have tiny hooks called crochets, on the ends of their prolegs. Sawflies do not have crochets. Another, less obvious difference between caterpillars and sawfly larvae is the number of eyes. Caterpillars almost always have 12 stemmata, six on each side of the head. Sawfly larvae usually have just a single pair of stemmata. If You Have Sawflies If you have identified sawfly larvae on your trees, flowers, or foliage you may be able to simply remove them manually. If there are too many, youll probably need to spray. Choose your pesticide carefully or consult a professional: Quite a few common pesticides (such as the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis) work only on Lepidopteran larvae, and will not affect sawfly larvae. Before you apply any pesticide for a caterpillar problem, be sure to count the prolegs and identify your pest correctly.

Class Lecture The Film A Raisin Of The Sun, Karl, A...

Alienation/Social Distance/Social Filters/Marginalization--Class Lecture: In the film a Raisin in the Sun, Karl, a white man, introduces himself as part of the â€Å"welcoming committee† in the community in which he comes to buy out the house from the colored folks. The purpose of Karl coming over is that the committee wants to keep their community segregated. In the scene, Linder tells the colored individuals about â€Å"the way† they do things in that neighborhood which demonstrates the idea that the committee views the white individuals in the community as separate from the black people. Karl’s message demonstrates the idea that the committee believes that the best way of fixing the issue of black individuals moving into a community is to bribe them to move out as white people are doing everything in their power to keep black families out of their community. Therefore, Mr. Linder, as part of the welcoming committee is a representation of the rest of the white society who strives to alienate black individuals and control the neighborhood through their own rules. He demonstrates the racism that exists among the white people not only in their community but also in America who have both segregated and alienated African Americans. This sense of alienation stems from being marginalized by white superiors who have pushed black people to the edge of society by not giving them a place within. The white folks are not allowing black people a place in their neighborhood as they wish to keepShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Cloud Computing SLA Administration

Question: Discuss about theCloud Computingfor SLA Administration. Answer: Introduction This report clarifies about various parts of distributed computing identified with Child Protection, for example, SLA between the two parties or organizations. The detailed data and appraisal are required for SLA administration and specialized evaluation. The suggested conceivable exercises are chosen by Child Protection. The report includes a brief detail about the themes, for example, remote organization, SLA and Resource Management. The report also highlights about the necessities of information reinforcement, versatility, and Resilience. The study examines the need of SLA for Child Protection and their upsides and downsides in the chosen association. This report gives us the review of what hazards are there and what are the significant open doors that Child Protection watch and recognize. Child Protection has effectively chosen the seller, and a detailed report is exhibited to comprehend the SLA administration and evaluations prerequisites. The report provides a detailed data abo ut the reinforcement and recuperation required for the Child Protection SLA Management and Remote Administration Resource Management It gives absolute authority and control to manage or handle numerous customers in an effective way as it confronts a few difficulties. The RM is an effective deal for customers and also for the vendors. The RM has a basic impact in execution improvement and consumer loyalty. For an expensive association or firm, the basic issue of RM includes mapping with the applications which execute these applications onto a framework and for individual machines, nearby assets for such application also run (Breeding Kroski, 2012). SLA Management This alludes to the recorded contract or a reported agreement between two parties that is, between the merchant and the 'Child Protection'. The report expresses the sort of administration and additional advantages that the administration supplier will give to the 'Child Protection'. The SLA management is overseen in such a way that 'Child Protection' necessities are fulfilled (Carstensen, Morgenthal, Golden, 2012). Remote Administration It is utilized for PC peripherals, like a printer, and it recovers the spilling information, for instance, CCTC framework and so forth (Weinman, 2016). It helps in introducing the programming for other frameworks and also for other framework registry settings. It additionally helps in adjusting the intelligent gatherings and framework administrations. It oversees a framework or use of web and gives help to others. It likewise shields the framework from getting hacked with some high malware (Gonzalez Helvik, 2013). Disaster Recovery and Backup Disaster Recovery Accumulation and Assessment of Information: The Process of information assessment needs to guarantee the safety of the information over the cloud computing. Determination of a Cloud Benefit Supplier: 'Child Protection' should effectively choose the administration supplier, so that the progression would not be required for the information recovery procedure (Granfeldt Agren, 2014). Building the transfer speed of Administration Plan: According to the prerequisites of the database structure, the transmission capacity of the Internet is picked. Estimation of Price: This progression manages the money-related administration of the framework and the cost of introducing the cloud infrastructure is evaluated. Assurance of the Logistic Needs: There are numerous legitimate figures that should be accomplished by the arrangement of the cloud framework in 'Child Protection'. Data Backup The information reinforcement or data backup alludes to an inside procedure for the cloud-based PC. The procedure or apparatus that is required or used to reinforce the information is RAID. It is speedier and better that is the reason why it is selected to use for the reinforcement of information. When anyone attempts to compare the data backup and disaster recovery, data backup process proves to be advantageous as the maintenance time is much high in 'Child Protection' ("IEEE Cloud Computing Call for Papers Connecting Fog and Cloud Computing", 2016). Resilience It alludes to the capacity of the finish server farm, server, stockpiling framework and system. It is utilized to rapidly recoup the information. It works when there is a disappointment of hardware and there is no power or different other interferences. Through some inside the framework and by data center empowering strength is acquired. The flexibility is proposed when the arrangement of the venture is exhibited and makes the association between the server farms for debacle recuperation and calamity arrange (Marks Lozano, 2010). SLA Assessment SLA has helped the administration supplier in expanding their nature of administration for dealing with their base and peaceful procedure of business administration. The power of the entrance to the assets with the assistance of various cloud administrations can be accomplished by the usage of SLA (Thompson, 2015). The report puts accentuation on the investigation of the diverse components of hazard in building up the cloud engineering framework in the business. A few procedures and models can be utilized for the finish investigation of the hazard consider the cloud framework. The directors and proprietors who are overseeing the 'Child Protection' administration framework need to guarantee the get to and information stockpiling in the distributed computing (Sosinsky, 2011). Each framework has an equivalent likelihood of disappointment. So the distributed computing and capacity framework ought to have possibility anticipating recuperating the framework disappointment. The possibility arranging depends on the record of the reasons for disappointment of the framework. Likely characteristics for framework disappointment ought to be checked altogether, and the alterations in substitute arranging ought to be done according to the need. The distributed computing and the investigation of its hazard assumes a huge part in the orderly administration. The examination of the hazard administration has encouraged in getting usual to the likelihood of the dangers in the outlining and arranging of the cloud framework in the business (Rountree Castrillo, 2014). Conclusion The report demonstrates the examination of the distinctive measures that 'Child Protection' needs to look after for actualizing the Cloud based capacity structure in its administration framework. The Recovery Supervision, SLA Administration, and Remote Organization of the association 'Child Protection' are significant for the usage of the enhanced administration framework. The report clarifies the explanations behind the need for the remote framework and SLA administration in 'Child Protection' association. The cloud-based capacity structure requires information reinforcement and recuperation framework, and the structure ought to be executed accurately. 'Child Protection' organizations cloud computing framework should be profited with the best possible risk administration. References Breeding, M. Kroski, E. (2012).Cloud computing for libraries. Chicago: ALA Editions. Carstensen, J., Morgenthal, J., Golden, B. (2012).Cloud Computing. Ely: IT Governance Publishing. Gonzalez, A. Helvik, B. (2013). SLA success probability assessment in networks with correlated failures.Computer Communications,36(6), 708-717. Granfeldt, J. Agren, M. (2014). SLA developmental stages and teachers' assessment of written French: Exploring Direkt Profil as a diagnostic assessment tool.Language Testing,31(3), 285-305. IEEE Cloud Computing Call for Papers Connecting Fog and Cloud Computing. (2016).IEEE Cloud Computing,3(4), c2-c2. Marks, E. Lozano, B. (2010).Executive's guide to cloud computing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Rountree, D. Castrillo, I. (2014).Basics of cloud computing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Syngress. Sosinsky, B. (2011).Cloud computing bible. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Thompson, A. (2015). Are Your Participants Multilingual? The Role of Self-assessment in SLA Research.Language In Focus,1(1). Weinman, J. (2016). Hybrid Cloud Economics.IEEE Cloud Computing,3(1), 18-22.

Deviance Is the Recognized Violation of Cultural Norms Essay Example

Deviance Is the Recognized Violation of Cultural Norms Paper According to the three social foundations of deviance: 1) Deviance varies according to cultural norms, 2) People become deviant as others define them that way, and 3) Both norms and the way people define situations Involve social power, all behavior whether good or bad Is shaped by society. When you are a victim of child abuse you social skills arena as strong as others. When youre being abused as a child you hold yourself back from society for fear that someone might find out about your situation. You dont interact with others to assure that your problem isnt the topic of discussion. As a child, when oer in a home where you are constantly being abused, either physically or mentally, then you perceive that as being a cultural norm. You feel it is k to hurt others because that was how you were brought up. When you are raised in an abused home you may not understand what is classified as deviant to the rest of the world and therefore act in the way in which you know how. Official statistics indicate that arrest rates peak in late adolescence and drop steadily thereafter. As human beings, we all need to be loved. As humans when we feel that we are not being loved, we are determined to go and find love somewhere. We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance Is the Recognized Violation of Cultural Norms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance Is the Recognized Violation of Cultural Norms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance Is the Recognized Violation of Cultural Norms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And most of the times, as the saying goes, Find love in all the wrong places. When you are abused as a child you tend to cling to people or things that accept you and make you feel wanted. When you are not at home you are going to do any and everything you can to take your mind off the fact that when you get home you are in a world of hurt. No matter what It Is. It can be bowling, it can be reading, it can be watching movies, or it can be stealing, fighting, or even destroying property. As a child you are not as Informed on what is wrong and what is right. And for the most part as a child you probably dont are you Just want to be loved and be around people who dont hurt you. As you get older In childhood the less you can depend on others and the more you branch out from your social norm. The moment someone comes to you and appears to care about you, or the first thing you find to do to take your mind off being abused, that will be the person and/or thing that carries you for the rest of your life. And as you get older you arent going to do It to the same degree as you did before, you are going to want to be more Involved. According to Robert Martens Strain Theory, the extent ND kind of deviance depend on whether a society provides the means to achieve cultural goals. For example, people who are living In poverty see very little hope of being successful if they play by the rules and obey the law. If you are a child and you are Dealing souses, you see very little nope AT Dealing nappy unless you ay something to take your mind off of being abused. Because norms and situations involve social power, you are going to do something that makes you feel like a big person and that you have clout. Even though there are productive things you can do that will allow o to achieve the goal of feeling like somebody, using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal also known as innovation Just seems easier. But, there are, people who obsessively stick to the rules so that they at least feel respectable, this is called ritualism. There are some people who were abused as a child and decided that they were not going to live their life as a victim. They focus on the good to overcome the bad. They dont follow the rules to necessarily be successful but they continuously follow the rules because they dont want to do wrong. Then you have people who when they are faced with the inability to succeed they retreat by rejecting both cultural goals and means. A lot of times, when you are continually a victim you get to the point where you dont care about anyone else or anything, and all that matters is that you are content. You arent worried about being successful, you arent worried about doing right, all you are worried about is that you are feeling the way you are feeling because you made the choice. Like retreats, rebels reject both the cultural definition of success and the conventional means of achieving success by taking it one step further and forming a counterculture and seeking new goals through new means. This also describes the theory formed by Richard Collard and Lloyd Olin, which propose that crime doesnt necessarily result from limited legitimate opportunity but also from readily accessible illegitimate opportunity. Sociologist Travis Hirsch developed the theory that social control depends on anticipating the consequences of ones behavior. He assumes that for some, Just thinking about the reactions of family and friends is enough to make you o right, but on the other hand, you have people who think that they have little to lose from deviance and are likely to become rule-breakers. When you are a victim of child abuse, the place you call home is the worst and last place that you want to be. Therefore, you are determined to find someone else and something to make your return home a better one. According to Hirsch conformity is linked to four different types of social control. First, you have attachments where strong social attachments encourage conformity, but also when you come from a weak family, peer, and school allegations such as being a victim of child abuse it leaves you freer to engage in deviance. Second, you have opportunity. The greater a persons access to legitimate opportunity, the greater the advantages of conformity. On the other hand, someone with little confidence, who constantly is belittled and made to feel inferior, in future success if freer to drift toward deviance. Third, you have involvement. When you are extensively involved in legitimate activities, deviance is inhibited. On the contrast, people who hang out waiting for something to happen, or are trying to get away, eave the time and energy to engage in deviant activity. Lastly, there is belief. Strong beliefs in conventional morality and respect for authority figures restrain tendencies toward deviance. But then you have people who are constantly exposed to immorality or the lack of morality, have weak consciences and are more open to temptation. Alexander Liaisons points out that the people we tend to define, as deviants, are typically those who share the trait of powerlessness. Being a victim of child abuse, winter mentally or phonically Is one AT ten ways people are mace to Tell powerless. It is at this point when they are forced to find something or someone else to occupy their time, ease their mind, better their situation, or even feel respectable. Not everything about deviance is considered bad. According to Mile Druthers, two of the four essential functions performed by deviance are that, responding to deviance brings people together and it encourages social change. People typically react to serious deviance like in the September 1 1, 2001 attack where people across the U. S joined to protect the country and bring those responsible to Justice. Deviant people SSH a societys moral boundaries, which is why many organizations are formed today. According to www. Childbeds. Com, child abuse can be labeled as anything from: child homicide, child pornography, child prostitution, neglect and abandonment, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual offenses, computer crimes, and even religious exemptions to criminal child abuse and neglect. Just like there are many forms of child abuse there are also many ways to prevent child abuse. One of the best ways, I believe, is to stop child abuse before it starts through prevention programs. There are support programs for new parents which provide support for arenas still in the prenatal stage and for those in the post-natal stage. Then there are nationally known programs such as Parent Effectiveness Training (P. E. T. ), the Parent Nurturing Program, and Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S. T. E. P. , which use various approaches toward parenting education and are distinct in their use of teaching tools such as reward and punishment, praise, and specific encouragement. They even have a family screening and treatment program in which a visitor comes in the home to detect problems children may be having, Just to name a few. Under no circumstance should a child be abused. But in the horrible case that there are there are many ways to get help. A person should not have to lean to deviance to feel wanted, accepted, or loved. There are positive means to achieving desired goals. Being a victim of child abuse, many things that affect me now could have been prevented if I would have had the proper care and treatment provided as a child my mother was a drug abuser and a child abuser. I got beat everyday all day and sometimes it took days for me to recover, I may have missed school, doctor appointment anything to hide the fact that she was beating me at home. Not only as I a victim of physical abuse, Im also a victim of sexual abuse provided by my own mother and others in my family. Then one she finally cracked, she tried to kill me I got beat all day almost half dead. Then she took a knife and stabbed 5 times and shot me in my arm and threw bleach in my face and told me she would kill me and bury me in the back yard and she was going to be on the run. She asked me did I have any last words and I told her to let me kill myself to you will not go to hell. She said no because she want me to die slow like I have made her do all these years because I was a mistake and a burden. Then someone answered my prayers and I made it to the hospital and they had to put me under Jane Doe to protect that she would not find me and try and hurt me again. Before I left she told me if I told anyone what she was doing to me she would find me and kill me. Now I was a victim of psychological abuse. My mother hurt me so bad and installed so much fear in my heart and mind, to winner I outhunt 1 010 not deserve to De love or to give love. From tens a lot AT my personal relationship has failed for me. I think everyone is going to hurt me or leave me so I hurt them first so I cant get hurt. Being abused at a stage where you are helpless and cant protect yourself is cruel.

How to Use the Versatile French Word Même

How to Use the Versatile French Word Mà ªme The French word mà ªme is a handy one to know. Loosely translated as same or even, the words meaning changes based on how it is used in a sentence. Mà ªme  may function as an indefinite adjective, an indefinite pronoun, or an adverb. Indefinite Adjective When used as an indefinite adjective, mà ªmes meaning differs according to whether it precedes or follows the noun it modifies:1) Before a noun, mà ªme means same. Cest la mà ªme chose!   Its the same thing!Jai lu le mà ªme livre.   I read the same book.Il aime les mà ªmes programmes.   He likes the same programs.Il a le mà ªme à ¢ge que moi. Hes the same age as me. 2) After a noun or pronoun, mà ªme emphasizes that thing and means (one)self or personified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a perdu la bague mà ªme.   He lost the ring itself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je veux le faire moi-mà ªme. (stressed pronoun)   I want to do it myself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle est la gentillesse mà ªme.   She is the epitome of kindness. / She is kindness itself. Indefinite Pronoun Le mà ªme as an indefinite pronoun means the same and may be singular or plural.   Cest le mà ªme.   Its the same.Elles sont toujours les mà ªmes.   Theyre always the same.Cela / à §a revient (strictement) au mà ªme. It comes / amounts to (exactly) the same thing. Adverb As an adverb, mà ªme is invariable, emphasizes the word it modifies, and means even, (to go) so far as to.   Mà ªme Jacques est venu.   Even Jacques came.  Il avait mà ªme achetà © un billet.   He even went so far as to buy a ticket.  Ils sont tous partis, mà ªme le bà ©bà ©.   They all left, even the baby.  Je lai vu ici mà ªme.   I saw him in this very spot. Personal Pronoun Personal pronouns with  mà ªme  form the -self pronouns, which are personal pronouns of emphasis. moi-mà ªme   myselftoi-mà ªme   yourself (singular and  familiar)elle-mà ªme  Ã‚  herselflui-mà ªme  Ã‚  himselfsoi-mà ªme   oneself, yourselfvous-mà ªme   yourself (plural and formal)elles-mà ªmes  Ã‚  themselves (feminine)eux-mà ªmes  Ã‚  themselves  (masculine) Expressions mà ªme   right on, in, from; in position mà ªme que   capable ofde mà ªme que   just / right as (something happened)mà ªme que (familiar) moreoverquand mà ªme  Ã‚  even so, anywaytout de mà ªme   even soÇa revient au mà ªme.   That amounts to the same thing.Cest du pareil au mà ªme.  (informal)   Its always the same.en mà ªme temps at the same timeIl na mà ªme pas pleurà ©.   He didnt even cry.   mà ªme la peau  Ã‚  next to the skin mà ªme le sol  Ã‚  on the bare ground  Ã‚  Je suis parti et lui de mà ªme.   I left and so did he.  Ã‚   mà ªme:  dormir mà ªme le sol   to sleep on the floor mà ªme de   able to,  in a position tode mà ªme:  faire de mà ªme   to do likewise  or  the samede mà ªme que just asmà ªme que  (familiar) so much so thatmà ªme si   even if

A Child's Drawing Expresses Their Psychological Ability and Feelings Essay

A Child's Drawing Expresses Their Psychological Ability and Feelings - Essay Example Talking does not offer a comprehensive medium of expression. According to Golomb (pp. 42), a child’s hidden feelings can only be expressed by art, specifically drawings. Be it small or a large drawing so much can be said from the piece of art. Other than career and professional drawings, drawings have been used to detect the feeling in most children who undergo psychological problems. In some instances drawings as an art has been used as anger management tool. This is an indication on how important art is in managing of human emotion. In an argument by Herne, Cox & Watts (pp. 115), a child’s drawings expresses about 75% of their internal feelings both emotional and psychological. In interpreting the drawings psychologists consider color, size, location of characters, characters, page location, font and shading type and the facial expression of child when drawing an image or character. Apart from the expression of feelings, drawings at different ages in children denote t heir psychological growth. From scribbling to real images and drawings is one notable feature in child development when drawings are concerned. It is this fact that has enabled me to come up with the theory that â€Å"a child’s drawing expresses their psychological ability and feelings†. This paper will focus on how drawings show a child psychological growth and interpretation... This stage is known as fortuitous realism. At this stage a child understands scribbling as the best work of art they can achieve. However, as much as scribbling can be seen as insignificant, the way scribbling is done by a child can tell more about their emotion and psychology. Some children may scribble dark scribbles while at times scribble gentler and light scribbles. According to the American Counseling Association (pp. 34) this may denote anger or frustration and also satisfaction and happiness respectively. The second stage occurs between the ages of 4 – 7. This stage is known as preschematic stage. This stage is categorized into two stages of development. The stages are failed and intellectual realism. In the failed realism a child draws elements that are completely unrelated from the real image of the element. Intellectual realism is when a child draws an element from their knowledge. For instance, a child may draw a cup since the image is in their brain. The third sta ge of development is the schematic stage. The stage comes up between the ages of 8 – 9. In this stage a child draws what they see. The element shows the features of the real image. This is aimed at transferring their visual sense to the mental sense then the interpretation follows. It is also noted that this point kids differ from the accuracy of their drawings. At this point is where the visual and interpretation abilities of children are noted. Different children have different visual and interpretation prowess. This indicates that the psychology of children differs depending on their mental abilities. The three stages show that drawings effectively indicate the psychological growth and strength of children.

Explain the difference between an open economy and a closed economy Essay

Explain the difference between an open economy and a closed economy - Essay Example However, opponents believe that more openness leads to loss of jobs, dumping, interdependence among nations, and economic sanctions among others.2 A closed economy on the other hand, is accused of hindering technology transfer and foreign investments although it is appropriate in ensuring protection of local industries. The paper will discuss the numerous differences between a closed and open economy as well as the advantages and disadvantages a country would have by using either of the economic models. Differences between Closed and Open Economies There are numerous distinctions between a closed and open economy. A closed economy is one in which trade is carried out within the borders of a nation or domestically hence the gross domestic product (GDP) is the same as gross national product (GNP). An open economy on the other hand, is one in which trade is carried out within and outside the borders hence the GDP and GNP are not equal but depend on volume of imports and exports.3 An ope n economy is achieved by eliminating the barriers to trade such as tariffs and import quotas. However, most open economies have put some trade barriers so as to protect crucial industries from competition in the world market or to protect consumers against harmful products and also to protect the environment from pollution.4 It can be noted therefore that there is no perfectly closed or perfectly open economy as each has an element of closeness and openness. A closed economy does not allow movement of labour across borders unlike open economy where workers are free to work anywhere in the world. Another distinction is that a closed economy does not allow movement of capital across borders hence investments are domestic in nature and foreign exchange rates do not impact on the economy unlike in an open economy where there is movement of capital across borders. Businessmen can therefore invest in foreign stocks and money markets thus the economy is affected by exchange rates.5 Accordi ng to Jane, sometimes open economies can act as closed economies.6 This is especially so if few members with open economies act as a tightly integrated economic bloc and only trade with each other thus becoming a collectively closed economy. On the other hand, a country cannot produce all the goods and services it requires hence it is forced to import some products. Open economies are characterized with large multinational corporations like starbucks with braches all over the world and this is not the case in closed economies. Advantages and Disadvantages of Closed Economy A closed economy does not have any dealings in the global market therefore is not affected by factors outside the country. For example, the global financial crisis that started in the US spread to all parts of the world due to interrelatedness of product and financial markets. The developed countries are known to impose economic sanctions on developing countries as a condition for giving them funds for development . These sanctions impact negatively on the economy but a closed economy cannot be under such sanctions since it is self reliant.7 Another advantage is the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in the economy. An expansionary fiscal policy is meant to stimulate the economy during recession by raising aggregate demand. This is